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Hypertension is an important medical and public health issue and leading causes of the global burden of disease. It is estimated that 1 billion people Worldwide are affected by hypertension. Raised blood pressure attributes to the leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality in India. Hypertension is attributable to 10.8% of all deaths in India. (ICMR 2018) There is a direct relationship between hypertension and Cardiovascular disease (CVD)- Doubles the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Antihypertensive therapy clearly reduces the risks of cardiovascular and renal disease But large segments of the hypertensive population are either untreated or inadequately treated. “Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg based on the average of two or more accurate blood pressure measurements taken during two or more contacts with a health care provider.” (by JNC 7) The Seventh Report of  the Joint National Commi...

Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients. Heart failure is defined as the pathophysiologic state in which impaired cardiac function is responsible for inadequate systemic perfusion or unable to maintain an adequate circulation for the metabolic needs of the tissues of the body. HF is not an event or disease but rather a constellation of signs and symptoms that represent the final pathway of a heterogeneous group of diseases, the end result of most cardiovascular disease states. History In 1832, James Hope - First described backward failure as the failure that results as the ventricle fails to pump its volume, causing blood accumulation and subsequent increase in ventricular, atrial, and venous pressures. A primary cause of backward failure was mechanical cardiac obstruction. In 1913, MacKenzie - The term forward failure was applied to a situation in which the primary pathologic process wa...

Pericarditis refers to an inflammation and irritation of the pericardium, the fibroserous sac that envelops, supports, and protects the heart. Etiology Idiopathic  or nonspecific causes Infection: usually viral -  coxsackie virus, influenza, HIV rarely bacterial -  streptococci, staphylococci, meningococci, gonococci, gram-negative rods Mycotic (fungal) Disorders of connective tissue  - systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis, scleroderma Hypersensitivity states:  immune reactions, medication reactions, serum sickness Etiology Disorders of adjacent structures:  myocardial infarction, Post MI (Dressler's syndrome), dissecting aneurysm, pleural and pulmonary disease (pneumonia) Neoplastic disease:  caused by metastasis from lung cancer or breast cancer, leukemia, and primary (mesothelioma) neoplasms Radiation therapy  of chest and upper torso (peak occurrence 5–9 months after treatment) Trauma:  chest ...