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INTRODUCTION Without a regular rate and rhythm, the heart may not perform efficiently as a pump to circulate oxygenated blood and other life-sustaining nutrients to all of the body's tissues and organs (including the heart itself). With an irregular or erratic rhythm, the heart is considered to be dysrhythmic (sometimes called arrhythmic). This is a potentially dangerous condition . INFLUENCES ON HEART RATE AND CONTRACTILITY The heart rate is influenced by the autonomic nervous system, which consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Sympathetic nerve fibers (also referred to as adrenergic fibers) are attached to the heart and arteries as well as several other areas in the body. Stimulation of the sympathetic system – Increases heart rate (positive chronotropy) Increases conduction through the AV node (positive dromotropy) Increases the force of myocardial contraction (positive inotropy) Constricts peripheral blood vessels, Increasing blood pressure Parasympathetic ne...

INTRODUCTION Hemodialysis  is used  for clients with acute or irreversible renal failure and fluid and electrolytes imbalances. It is usually the treatment of choice when toxic agents, barbiturates overdose need to  be removed from the body quickly. Hemodialysis can be an outpatient or inpatient therapy. Routine hemodialysis is conducted in a dialysis outpatient facility, either a purpose built room in a hospital or a dedicated,  stand alone  clinic. Less  frequently  hemodialysis is done at home. Dialysis treatments in a clinic  are initiated and managed by specialized staff made up of nurses and technicians ; dialysis treatments at home can be self initiated and managed or done jointly with the assistance of a trained helper who is usually a family member. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW In 1943, William Kolff in the Netherland performed the first dialysis on a human being with the use of rotating drum dialyzer. He initiated dialysis treatment in the United...