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Pericarditis refers to an inflammation and irritation of the pericardium, the fibroserous sac that envelops, supports, and protects the heart. Etiology Idiopathic  or nonspecific causes Infection: usually viral -  coxsackie virus, influenza, HIV rarely bacterial -  streptococci, staphylococci, meningococci, gonococci, gram-negative rods Mycotic (fungal) Disorders of connective tissue  - systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis, scleroderma Hypersensitivity states:  immune reactions, medication reactions, serum sickness Etiology Disorders of adjacent structures:  myocardial infarction, Post MI (Dressler's syndrome), dissecting aneurysm, pleural and pulmonary disease (pneumonia) Neoplastic disease:  caused by metastasis from lung cancer or breast cancer, leukemia, and primary (mesothelioma) neoplasms Radiation therapy  of chest and upper torso (peak occurrence 5–9 months after treatment) Trauma:  chest ...

Myocarditis is an inflammatory process involving the myocardium, can cause heart dilation, thrombi on the heart wall, infiltration of circulating blood cells around the coronary vessels and between the muscle fibers, and degeneration of the muscle fibers themselves. Etiology Infectious Etiology/ Agents Viral - (most common cause) Most common cause - coxsackie virus A and B, Other - HIV, influenza A, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, parvovirus, herpes simplex and hepatitis C Bacterial – Most common bacterial cause is diphtheria, Other - streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, leptospira, borellia burgdorferi, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia, rickettsia Protozoal - most common, Chagas disease in South America, parasitic, - Trypanosoma cruzii, Toxoplasma Fungi: Aspergillus (common), Candida Toxic Etiology/ Agents Drugs that cause hypersensitivity reactions (clozapine, penicillin, ampicillin, hydrochlorothiazide, methyldopa, and sulfonamide drugs) Medications (eg, li...

Endocarditis is an infection and/or inflammation of the heart's valves or its inner lining of heart (endocardium). It is classify into two group based on etiology Non-infectious – Rheumatic Endocarditis (RHD) Infectious- Infective Endocarditis DEFINITION Infective endocarditis (bacterial endocarditis) is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by direct invasion of bacteria or other organisms leading to myocardial abscess and heart failure. Etiology Infectious agent Staphylococci (S. aureus ) streptococci, (S. viridans; S. bovis, S. pneumoni) enterococci, pneumococci, chlamydia, fungi (eg, Candida, Aspergillus) Rickettsiae Predisposing factors Bacteraemia, septicemia and pyaemia Underlying heart disease Impaired host defence Invasive procedure High Risk People Prosthetic cardiac valves or prosthetic material used for cardiac valve repair Prior History of bacterial endocarditis (even without heart disease) Congenital heart disease especially cyano...

Conduction Abnormalities or heart block is a disease in the electrical system of the heart, in which the transmissions of electrical impulses are daily or fail to transmit. A heart block can be a blockage at any level of the electrical conduction system of the heart. Blocks that occurs – Within the SA node are called SA nodal blocks Within the AV node are called AV nodal blocks. Below the AV node are known as infra-Hisian blocks Within the left or right bundle branches are known as bundle branch blocks Within the fascicles of the left bundle branch are known as hemiblocks Clinically most of the important heart blocks are AV nodal blocks ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK AV blocks occur when the conduction of the impulse through the AV nodal or His bundle area is decreased or stopped. These blocks can be caused by- Medications - digitalis, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers Lyme disease - Lyme disease is a bacterial infection (Borrelia burgdorferi) spread through the bite of the blacklegg...

Dysrhythmias: disorders of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulses in the heart. These disorders can cause disturbances of: Rate Rhythm Both rate and rhythm Potentially can alter blood flow & cause hemodynamic changes Diagnosed by analysis of ECG waveform SA NODE DYSRHYTHMIAS The SA Node can: Fire Too Slow - Sinus Bradycardia Fire Too Fast - Sinus Tachycardia Normal rate but irregular - Sinus Arrhythmia SINUS BRADYCARDIA Sinus bradycardia occurs when the SA node creates an impulse at a slower-than-normal rate. Deviation from NSR Rate = Other's = NORMAL     ETIOLOGY SA node is depolarizing slower than normal, impulse is conducted normally (i.e. normal PR and QRS interval). CAUSES INCLUDE Lower metabolic needs (sleep, athletic training, hypothyroidism), Vagal stimulation (from vomiting, suctioning, severe pain, extreme emotions), Medications (calcium channel blockers, amiodarone, beta-blockers), Idiopathic sinus node dysfuncti...