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Also known as Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) ITP is an acute or chronic bleeding disorder that results from immune destruction of platelets by antiplatelet antibodies. Etiology Exact cause unknown; may be autoimmune. Spleen is the site for destruction of platelets It is more common among children and young women. Acute disorder More common in childhood, Typically following viral illness (URTI or Measles & chickenpox) This is self-limited; Remission often occurs spontaneously within 6 months. Chronic disorder More than 6-month course Most common between ages 20 and 50 years, Three times more common in women, May last for years or even indefinitely. May be associated with Pregnancy Development of systemic lupus erythematosus, Thyroid disease, Infections like Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster, hepatitis C and HIV Malignancy - Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Clinical Manifestations May have asymptomatic with mild disease (with platelet counts 20,000 to 10...

Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a decreased platelet count (less than 150,000/mm3), the most common cause of bleeding disorders. Etiology Decreased platelet production Infiltrative diseases of bone marrow, Leukaemia, Aplastic Anemia, Myelofibrosis, Myelosuppressive therapy, Radiation therapy; Inherited disorders such as Fanconi's anemia (FA, is a rare, inherited blood disorder that leads to bone marrow failure) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia, immune deficiency, and bloody diarrhea). Increased platelet destruction— Infection (eg, HIV or hepatitis C), Drug-induced (eg, heparin or quinidine), ITP, DIC. Abnormal distribution or sequestration in spleen. Dilutional thrombocytopenia—after haemorrhage, RBC transfusions. Clinical Manifestations Usually asymptomatic (with platelet counts greater than 50,000/mm 3 ). When platelet count drops below 20,000/mm3: Petechiae occur spontaneously. Ecchymoses occur ...

Also known as consumption coagulopathy and defibrination syndrome. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired thrombotic and haemorrhagic syndrome characterized by diffuse activation of the clotting cascade and accelerated fibrinolysis that results in depletion of clotting factors in the blood (widespread clotting in small vessels with consumption of clotting factors and platelets) that can provoke severe haemorrhage. So that the bleeding and thrombosis occur simultaneously. DIC is occurs when the blood clotting mechanisms are activated all over the body instead of being localized to an area of injury. ETIOLOGY A syndrome arising secondary to an underlying disorder or event. Overwhelming infections: gram-negative or gram-positive septicaemia; viral, fungal, or rickettsial infection; and protozoal infection Obstetric complications: abruptio placentae, eclampsia, amniotic fluid embolism, retention of dead fetus, septic abortion, and postpartum haemorrhage. Massive tis...

Hemophilia is a hereditary coagulation defect or a bleeding disorder, usually transmitted to affected male by female carrier through sex – linked recessive gene, resulting in prolonged clotting time. Bleeding occurs due to impaired ability to form fibrin clot Found predominantly, but not exclusive, in male offspring's Male inherits hemophilia from their mothers, and females inherit the carrier status from their fathers. Etiology and types Hemophilia A or Classic Hemophilia Most common type (3 times to B) Due to factor VIII deficiency (called Antihemophilic Factor / AHF) Hemophilia B or Christmas Disease – Due to factor IX deficiency (called the Christmas Factor)   Clinical Manifestations Abnormal bleeding in response to trauma or surgery. (Muscles/joints) Joint bleeding causing pain, tenderness, swelling, and limited range of motion. Hemarthrosis (bleeding in joints causing pain, swelling and limited movement) The most commonly affected joints are the knees, elbows, ankles, sh...

Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients. Heart failure is defined as the pathophysiologic state in which impaired cardiac function is responsible for inadequate systemic perfusion or unable to maintain an adequate circulation for the metabolic needs of the tissues of the body. HF is not an event or disease but rather a constellation of signs and symptoms that represent the final pathway of a heterogeneous group of diseases, the end result of most cardiovascular disease states. History In 1832, James Hope - First described backward failure as the failure that results as the ventricle fails to pump its volume, causing blood accumulation and subsequent increase in ventricular, atrial, and venous pressures. A primary cause of backward failure was mechanical cardiac obstruction. In 1913, MacKenzie - The term forward failure was applied to a situation in which the primary pathologic process wa...