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Operating Room is an integral part of nursing services in nursing hospital. It is considered as an important nursing service area. When a patient is scheduled for surgery, then it will be operated by a specially trained personnel in a very specialized area of ​​the hospital and this specialized area is called Operating Room (or) / Operating Theater (OT). The operating room is a dynamic and complex area, where the safety of patients undergoing surgery requires a lot of priority. The environment of the operating room is conducive to its needs, but it is quite different from the rest of the hospital, that all the activities of the operating room are centered around the best care of the patient. Objectives of Operation Theater Nursing To create & maintain an aseptic & safe environment for patient's. To provide a safe & efficient working environment to all OT personnel. To provide safe, supportive & quality nursing care to meet the surgical requirement of the patient...

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma, involving the terminal airways and alveoli, leading to pulmonary consolidation because alveoli is filled with exudates. Pneumonia may be divided into three groups: Community acquired, due to a number of organisms, including Streptococcus pneumoniae Hospital acquired (nosocomial), due primarily to gram-negative bacilli and staphylococci Pneumonia in the immunocompromised person ETIOLOGY Etiologic Agents Streptococcus pneumoniae – (Streptococcal/Pneumococcal Pneumonia) Staphylococcus aureus - Staphylococcal pneumonia Hemophilus influenzae (Haemophilus Influenza Pneumonia) Legionella pneumophila - Legionnaires' disease Others -   Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Diplococcus Pneumoniae, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, Chlamydia Trachomatis L. Pneumophila, Rhinoviruses, Adenovirus, Varicella, Rubella, Rubeola, Herpes Simplex, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus Aspergillus Fumigatus ...

Respiratory failure is not really a disease; it is a general term to describe any circumstance that interferes with the ability to maintain adequate gas exchange. Respiratory failure is defined as a life threatening condition of an alteration in an individual's oxygenation (PaO 2 ) to fall below 60 mm Hg (hypoxemia) and/or the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCo 2 ) to rise above 50 mm Hg (hypercapnia), on room air as determined by arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. It is considered to exist when the respiratory system is no longer able to meet metabolic demand. Classification Respiratory failure classified as acute or chronic. Acute Respiratory Failure Characterized by hypoxemia (Pao 2 less than 50 mm Hg) and/or hypercapnia (Paco 2 greater than 50 mm Hg) and acidemia (pH less than 7.35). Occurs rapidly, usually in minutes to hours or days. Chronic Respiratory Failure Characterized by hypoxemia (decreased Pao 2 ) and/or hypercapnia (increased Paco 2 ) with a nor...

Bronchiectasis is a chronic irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to inflammation and destruction of their walls and is generally associated with chronic lung infection and impaired airway defences. Etio-Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Persistent cough with production of copious amounts of purulent sputum. Dyspnea Cyanosis Finger clubbing Anorexia and generalized body malaise Recurrent fever and bouts of pulmonary infection Crackles and rhonchi heard over involved lobes Intermittent hemoptysis; breathlessness (only COPD with sign) Diagnostic Evaluation ABG analysis reveals low PaO 2 Bronchoscopy – direct visualization of bronchi lining using a fiberscope Chest X-ray may reveal areas of atelectasis with widespread dilatation of bronchi. Sputum examination may detect offending pathogens. High-resolution CT scan is useful in diagnosis of bronchiectasis. Management Goal: prevent progression of disease. Infection controlled by: Smoking cessation. Prompt...

Definition Acute bronchitis is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that is generally an acute sequel to an upper respiratory tract infection. Acute bronchitis is swelling and inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. This swelling narrows the airways, making it harder to breathe and causing other symptoms, such as a cough. Acute means the symptoms have only been present for a short time. Pathophysiology   Etiology Acute bronchitis usually follows a cold or flu-like infection. A virus causes mostly infection. Sometimes, bacteria also infect the airways. This is called a secondary infection. Clinical Manifestations The symptoms of acute bronchitis may include: Dyspnea, - Shortness of breath that gets worse with activity Tachypnea Chest discomfort Cough that produces mucus; it may be clear or yellow-green Fatigue Fever -- usually low-grade Diffuse rhonchi and crackles heard on auscultation. Wheezing, if patient with asthma If bronchitis with pneumonia, symptoms ...

AKA Multiple myeloma, plasma cell neoplasms This is a proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells derived from one B lymphocyte and producing a homogeneous immunoglobulin (M protein) without any apparent antigenic stimulation. Plasma cells produce osteoclast-activating factor leading to extensive bone loss, severe pain, and pathologic fractures. Abnormal immunoglobulin affects renal function, platelet function, resistance to infection, and may cause hyper viscosity of blood. INCIDENCES It accounts approximately 13% of all hematologic malignancies. Affecting adults of any age but men are slightly more affected than women The mean age at diagnosis is approximately 65–70 years of age. ETIOLOGY Exact cause is unknown. Risk factors include: Genetic and environmental factors chronic exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation Exposure to certain exotoxins, e.g. benzene, Agent Orange. Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) - a condition in which an abnormal protein — known as mo...

The lymphomas are neoplasms of cells of lymphoid origin. Lymphomas are malignant disorders of the reticuloendothelial system that result in an accumulation of dysfunctional, immature lymphoid-derived cells. These tumors usually start in lymph nodes but can involve lymphoid tissue in the spleen, GI tract (eg, the wall of the stomach), liver, or bone marrow. They are classified according to the predominant cell type and by the degree of malignant cell maturity (eg, well differentiated, poorly differentiated, or undifferentiated). Lymphomas can be broadly classified into two categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA Hodgkin's lymphoma originates in the lymphoid system and involves predominantly lymph nodes. Characterized by appearance of "Reed-Sternberg" multinucleated giant cell in tumor. Generally spreads via lymphatic channels, involving lymph nodes, spleen, and ultimately extralymphatic sites. May also spread via bloodstream to...