skin care

          Cognitive abilities are the mental skills that we need to carry out any task from the most simple to the most complex. These mental skills include awareness, information handling, memory and reasoning. As we get older, our cognitive abilities gradually deteriorate. A certain amount of cognitive decline is a normal part of ageing. Some people, however, will experience a severe deterioration in cognitive skills, leading to dementia. This can make it impossible to cope with ordinary day-to-day tasks. The normal cognitive decline associated with aging are: PERCEPTION It is the ability to interpret the environment. If the aging person's senses are impaired, the ability to perceive the environment and react appropriately is diminished. The brain loses mass with aging. Blood flow to the brain decreases the meninges thicken and brain metabolism slows. Changes in the nervous system may also affect perceptual capacity. Cognitive ability Overa...

PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF AGING A number of theories have attempted to explain psychosocial aging. They are disengagement theory, activity theory and continuity theory. According to Erikson, the developmental task is ego integrity versus despair. People who attain ego integrity versus life with a sense of wholeness and derive satisfaction from accomplishments. By contrast, people who despair often believe they have made poor choices during life and wish they could live life ever. Peck proposed the three following developmental tasks of the elder in contrast to Erikson's task of ego integrity versus despair. Ego differentiation versus work role preoccupation Ego transcendence versus body preoccupation Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES 65 to 75 years Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health Adjusting to retirement and lower and fixed income Adjusting to the death of parents, spouses and friends Adjusting to new relationship with adult children...

Most age-related biologic functions peak before age 30 and gradually decline linearly thereafter, the decline may be critical during stress, but it usually has little or no effect on daily activities. Therefore, disorders, rather than normal aging, are the primary cause of functional loss during old age. As the person ages a number of physical changes occur some are visible, some are not. The normal physiologic changes associated with aging are: INTEGUMENTARY CHANGES Loss of subcutaneous supporting tissues Sensitive to pressure and ulcer Wrinkle and sag Dry, wrinkled, loss elasticity Decreased perspiration and sebum Fragile, easily injured Decreased skin turgor Decreased sebaceous secretions Dry, flabby, prone to itching Atrophy of tiny arterioles near epidermis Impaired vasomotor homeostatic mechanism Poor temperature regulation (feels cold even in warm climate) HAIR- decreased number of hair follicles, scant, fine, graying, hirsutism, possible hereditary baldness NAILS- dry, thick, b...

        Ageing is a natural process, characterized by continued development and maturation. It is estimated that by 2013 the number of people aged 65 and over will exceed 15 million people and comprise 23% of the whole population. This population shift will have dramatic effects on healthcare provision and it is essential not only that the services are in place to meet this demand but also that the nurses have the skills to care for this age group. They are unique people because they have lived the longest and have participated in and adapted to complex social changes. Rapidly growing older adult population and continuing shortage of advanced practice nurses educated to care for older adults.         Dr. Ignatz Leo Nascher, the father of modern geriatrics coined the term "geriatrics" in 1909. The term "geriatrics" comes from the Greek word "geron" meaning "old man", and "iatros" meaning "healer". The ancient Indian...

Hypertension is an important medical and public health issue and leading causes of the global burden of disease. It is estimated that 1 billion people Worldwide are affected by hypertension. Raised blood pressure attributes to the leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality in India. Hypertension is attributable to 10.8% of all deaths in India. (ICMR 2018) There is a direct relationship between hypertension and Cardiovascular disease (CVD)- Doubles the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Antihypertensive therapy clearly reduces the risks of cardiovascular and renal disease But large segments of the hypertensive population are either untreated or inadequately treated. “Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg based on the average of two or more accurate blood pressure measurements taken during two or more contacts with a health care provider.” (by JNC 7) The Seventh Report of  the Joint National Commi...

Diagnosing is the 2 nd phase of nursing process Nurse uses critical thinking skills to interpret assessment data All the activities preceding this phase are directed toward formulating nursing diagnosis. The use of the nursing process and nursing diagnoses is rapidly becoming an integral part of an effective system of nursing practice. Identification & Development of Nursing Diagnosis began in year 1973. It is derived from actual or potential problems. Derived from physiological, social, cultural, developmental and spiritual dimensions of client. NANDA INTERNATIONAL NANDA -North American Nursing Diagnosis Association a professional organization of nurses interested in standardized nursing terminology. Officially founded in 1982 and develops, researches, disseminates and refines the nomenclature, criteria, and taxonomy of nursing diagnoses. In 2002 Taxonomy II, which was a revised version of Gordon's functional health patterns, was released. The current structure of NANDA's...